Ana Díaz-Vidal

Foreword by Marc Ringel Foreword by Giacomo Luciani 2. Editorial Introduction 3. Experts interviews Interview with Miguel Gil Tertre-Competitiveness amidst Decarbonisation Interview with Adnan Shihab Eldin-A Nuclear Renaissance with Small Modular

This article explores the under-researched area of policy failures from a Multi-level Perspective (MLP) theoretical framework. In the process, it builds on MLP as a framework and suggests theoretical additions that may increase its explanatory power: the consideration of politics in regimes by exploring power dynamics and the importance of landscapes in influencing transitions. The article offers a contextualization of energy policy in Spain. It then outlines the theoretical framework combining MLP to the socio-technical transition pathways and adding political economy to the regime level. In the analysis it explores the interactions between niche, regime and landscapes followed by a discussion of the ability of the theory to explain and explore policy failures. The article concludes landscape and regime levels are essential in explaining the Spanish SPV case while highlighting the importance of power relations, especially within the regime level. It finally challenges Multi-level Perspective to further explore the complexity of the relations among its different levels. The article suggests further exploration of policy failures as a source of both theoretical and political insight.

This Strategic Intelligence Brief looks at how resources, trade, policy, and finance intersect to shape Africa’s opportunity to build a renewables-based economy. It emphasises the critical role of renewables in regional cooperation, enabling policies that extend beyond energy access and strategic alignment with continental initiatives for economic development and industrialisation. Africa stands uniquely positioned to harness an unprecedented opportunity: leveraging its abundant natural resources, exceptional renewable energy potential, and critical mineral wealth to drive industrialisation, economic diversification, and sustainable development through a renewables-based economy framework.